Is secondhand smoke really as deadly as "they" say it is? I can't find any pure science behind it. Can you? If so, list your sources.
[AD]
Relevant question
- Are you a hypochondriac? Or do you need to lose an eye before you'll go to the hospital ER??
- I need help choosing a topic that is related in health field that is narrow and could do 5min presentation on.
[AD]
Answer`s (6):
1.
cryptoxmit
I doubt if you will read any of this small sampling of literature ... since you were dishonest with your title ... which should raise eyebrows to the validity of your claim ... of course ... no offense intended
1. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General
June 27, 2006
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/se...
2. 30 minutes of exposure to second-hand smoke resulted in reduced ability of the heart arteries to dilate in health, young, nonsmokers.
Otsuka MD et al; JAMA , 286 286:436. :436., 2001
3. Exposure to second-hand can pose acute risks to those with pre-existing coronary disease
Pechacek,TF et al. BMJ;328: 980-983,2004
4. Children exposed to secondhand smoke (as determined by serum cotinine) have significantly lower test scores in reading, math and problem solving ... 5,365 children and adolescents aged 6-17yrs from NHANES III
Yolton, K et al., Environ Health , Perspect 113, 98, 2005
5. Maternal smoking can increase the number of nicotine receptors in the fetal brain and increase vulnerability to addiction
Nora Volkow, The Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction,
The 13th World Conference on Tobacco OR Health, 2006
6. Hospitality industry employees are exposed to secondhand smoke levels that are 1.5 to 6 times greater than employees at other smoking
worksites. These levels are equivalent to their smoking a half pack-a-day.
Waitressing is the most hazardous occupation for women.
Compared to female workers in other occupations, waitresses are almost 4 times more likely to die of lung cancer.
University of California. (2002). Tobacco scam: Smoke
Smoke-free restaurants: secondhand smoke smoke-the issue of
health.
7. Being exposed to work work-place SHS was significantly associated with a 3-fold increase in urinary NNK derivatives
Duration of exposure was significantly associated with level of urinary NNK derivative – each hour of exposure was associated with a 6% increase
Most of the workers were low income young women; one third had
no health insurance
Stark et al., Am J Pub Hlth. 97, 1457, 2007
NOTE: NNK is a tobacco specific lung carcinogen
[4-(methylnitosamino)(methylnitosamino... (3-pyridyl) pyridyl)-1-butanone] that can be found in the urine of non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke
9. Lung carcinogens were significantly increased in the urine of non-
smokers after a 4hr visit to a casino
Anderson et al., Ca Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 12: 1544, 2003
10. Significant reduction in respiratory disease among bartenders af
after introduction of smoke smoke-free legislation in California
after 3 months (Eisner et al., J Am Med Ass; 280 280, 1947, 1999)
Republic of Ireland: after 12 months (Goodman, P et al., Am J Respir CritCrit Care Med 175, 840, 2007
11. Numbers of heart attacks (acute MI) decrease after smoke
smoke-free legislation is enacted:
- Helena, Montana (Sargent, Shepard, and Glantz Glantz; British Medical J; ; 328,977, 2004)
- Pueblo, Colorado (Bartecchi Bartecchi, C et al., Circulation;114:1490, 2006)
;- New York State (Juster Juster, HR. Am. , J Public Health. Sept, 2007)
12. NNK concentrations increase in air for the first 2 hrs after a cigarette is extinguished.
Aging SHS is a significant contributor to nitrosamine exposure
Schick, SF and Glantz, S. Cancer , Epidem Biomark Prev.
16, 1547, 2007
13. For employees with disabilities such as asthma there is an obligation to make reasonable accommodation to protect them from SHS **Zellers et al..,, Legal Riisks to employers who allow smoking in the workplace. Am J Pub Hlth, 97, 1376, 2007
1. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General
June 27, 2006
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/se...
2. 30 minutes of exposure to second-hand smoke resulted in reduced ability of the heart arteries to dilate in health, young, nonsmokers.
Otsuka MD et al; JAMA , 286 286:436. :436., 2001
3. Exposure to second-hand can pose acute risks to those with pre-existing coronary disease
Pechacek,TF et al. BMJ;328: 980-983,2004
4. Children exposed to secondhand smoke (as determined by serum cotinine) have significantly lower test scores in reading, math and problem solving ... 5,365 children and adolescents aged 6-17yrs from NHANES III
Yolton, K et al., Environ Health , Perspect 113, 98, 2005
5. Maternal smoking can increase the number of nicotine receptors in the fetal brain and increase vulnerability to addiction
Nora Volkow, The Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction,
The 13th World Conference on Tobacco OR Health, 2006
6. Hospitality industry employees are exposed to secondhand smoke levels that are 1.5 to 6 times greater than employees at other smoking
worksites. These levels are equivalent to their smoking a half pack-a-day.
Waitressing is the most hazardous occupation for women.
Compared to female workers in other occupations, waitresses are almost 4 times more likely to die of lung cancer.
University of California. (2002). Tobacco scam: Smoke
Smoke-free restaurants: secondhand smoke smoke-the issue of
health.
7. Being exposed to work work-place SHS was significantly associated with a 3-fold increase in urinary NNK derivatives
Duration of exposure was significantly associated with level of urinary NNK derivative – each hour of exposure was associated with a 6% increase
Most of the workers were low income young women; one third had
no health insurance
Stark et al., Am J Pub Hlth. 97, 1457, 2007
NOTE: NNK is a tobacco specific lung carcinogen
[4-(methylnitosamino)(methylnitosamino... (3-pyridyl) pyridyl)-1-butanone] that can be found in the urine of non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke
9. Lung carcinogens were significantly increased in the urine of non-
smokers after a 4hr visit to a casino
Anderson et al., Ca Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 12: 1544, 2003
10. Significant reduction in respiratory disease among bartenders af
after introduction of smoke smoke-free legislation in California
after 3 months (Eisner et al., J Am Med Ass; 280 280, 1947, 1999)
Republic of Ireland: after 12 months (Goodman, P et al., Am J Respir CritCrit Care Med 175, 840, 2007
11. Numbers of heart attacks (acute MI) decrease after smoke
smoke-free legislation is enacted:
- Helena, Montana (Sargent, Shepard, and Glantz Glantz; British Medical J; ; 328,977, 2004)
- Pueblo, Colorado (Bartecchi Bartecchi, C et al., Circulation;114:1490, 2006)
;- New York State (Juster Juster, HR. Am. , J Public Health. Sept, 2007)
12. NNK concentrations increase in air for the first 2 hrs after a cigarette is extinguished.
Aging SHS is a significant contributor to nitrosamine exposure
Schick, SF and Glantz, S. Cancer , Epidem Biomark Prev.
16, 1547, 2007
13. For employees with disabilities such as asthma there is an obligation to make reasonable accommodation to protect them from SHS **Zellers et al..,, Legal Riisks to employers who allow smoking in the workplace. Am J Pub Hlth, 97, 1376, 2007
2.
ysuytown89
Let me explain something...
Secondhand smoke IS more dangerous than mainstream smoke due to the filter preventing some chemicals from entering the smoker's body. However, this is based on the fact that the smoker never breathes in the secondhand smoke. Since the smoker does breathe in this passive smoke as well, they will still damage their health more than a person who lives with a smoker, but does not smoke.
In other words, when a person smokes a cigarette, they not only inhale the mainstream smoke into their body, but they inadvertently breathe in the secondhand smoke in the air around them. So even though the actual secondhand smoke itself is more dangerous than mainstream smoke, it is still less dangerous to be around a smoker than it is to actively engage in the habit yourself.
I sure hope that makes sense. I can never articulate what I want to say about this topic as clearly as I want to.
Secondhand smoke IS more dangerous than mainstream smoke due to the filter preventing some chemicals from entering the smoker's body. However, this is based on the fact that the smoker never breathes in the secondhand smoke. Since the smoker does breathe in this passive smoke as well, they will still damage their health more than a person who lives with a smoker, but does not smoke.
In other words, when a person smokes a cigarette, they not only inhale the mainstream smoke into their body, but they inadvertently breathe in the secondhand smoke in the air around them. So even though the actual secondhand smoke itself is more dangerous than mainstream smoke, it is still less dangerous to be around a smoker than it is to actively engage in the habit yourself.
I sure hope that makes sense. I can never articulate what I want to say about this topic as clearly as I want to.
3.
dublintoast
I've had a hard time finding clear facts as well. I know what we're told, but I don't know how true any of it is.
I do belive it is harmful though. and I guess as with anything, the human body is generally the same, but people still react and change differently. So I may be more affected by smoke than you are, etc...
Pretty much everyone I know smokes. My parents house reeks of smoke, and I hate being there for too long. I start to feel ill, breathing is affected, mood, and other things as well. Also, if I'm already ill like if I have a cold or something, being around someone who is smoking or has smoked makes my symptoms worse.
So whether or not we can find the evidence in writing that we are looking for, look to yourself and others physically. We know it affects us.
I do belive it is harmful though. and I guess as with anything, the human body is generally the same, but people still react and change differently. So I may be more affected by smoke than you are, etc...
Pretty much everyone I know smokes. My parents house reeks of smoke, and I hate being there for too long. I start to feel ill, breathing is affected, mood, and other things as well. Also, if I'm already ill like if I have a cold or something, being around someone who is smoking or has smoked makes my symptoms worse.
So whether or not we can find the evidence in writing that we are looking for, look to yourself and others physically. We know it affects us.
4.
Luke F
There is not doubt that smoking is one of the worst habits on the planet if not the worst. There are many numbers and other alternatives that you could try to stop. On my website I have a blog that is talking about what a lot of countries are starting to do to try to cut down on the level of smokers
http://shopdesignerclothing.com/Blog.htm...
http://shopdesignerclothing.com/Blog.htm...
5.
tgit23
------------- The Largest study on Second Hand Smoke ever done by Enstrom
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/...
“No significant associations were found for current or former exposure to environmental tobacco smoke before or after adjusting for seven confounders and before or after excluding participants with pre-existing disease. No significant associations were found during the shorter follow up periods of 1960-5, 1966-72, 1973-85, and 1973-98.”
“Enstrom has defended the accuracy of his study against what he terms ‘illegitimate criticism by those who have attempted to suppress and discredit it.’". (Wikipedia)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
------ Court rules that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is NOT a Class A carcinogen
http://www.tobacco.org/Documents/980717o...
“There is evidence in the record supporting the accusation that EPA ‘cherry picked’ its data” … “EPA's excluding nearly half of the available studies directly conflicts with EPA's purported purpose for analyzing the epidemiological studies and conflicts with EPA's Risk Assessment Guidelines” (p. 72)
-------- OSHA will NOT regulate something that’s NOT hazardous
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=24602
“Air contaminants, limits employee exposure to several of the main chemical components found in tobacco smoke. In normal situations, exposures would not exceed these permissible exposure limits (PELs), and, as a matter of prosecutorial discretion, OSHA will not apply the General Duty Clause to ETS.”
Study about health & Smoking Bans – The National Bureau of Economic Research
http://www.nber.org/papers/w14790
“Workplace bans are not associated with statistically significant short-term declines in mortality or hospital admissions for myocardial infarction or other diseases.”
http://www.cigarmony.com/downloads/smoking%201440.pdf
“Conclusions: Our results indicate no association between childhood exposure to ETS(environmental tobacco smoke) and lung cancer risk.”
Showtime television, "How the EPA, CDC, Lung Association, and etc." support their claims.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGApkbcaZK4
US National Cancer Institute researcher explains the frauds involved in secondhand smoke media reports.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9gtMKB6X2o
Then the US Surgeon General went over all the studies to date in 2006 again and even though he went on public TV and announced "No safe level", the report itself showed exactly the opposite.
---The evidence is … not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and an increased risk of stroke. (p. 13)
---The evidence is … not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure from parental smoking and the onset of childhood asthma.(p. 13)
---The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke during infancy and childhood cancer.(p. 11)
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/...
“No significant associations were found for current or former exposure to environmental tobacco smoke before or after adjusting for seven confounders and before or after excluding participants with pre-existing disease. No significant associations were found during the shorter follow up periods of 1960-5, 1966-72, 1973-85, and 1973-98.”
“Enstrom has defended the accuracy of his study against what he terms ‘illegitimate criticism by those who have attempted to suppress and discredit it.’". (Wikipedia)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
------ Court rules that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is NOT a Class A carcinogen
http://www.tobacco.org/Documents/980717o...
“There is evidence in the record supporting the accusation that EPA ‘cherry picked’ its data” … “EPA's excluding nearly half of the available studies directly conflicts with EPA's purported purpose for analyzing the epidemiological studies and conflicts with EPA's Risk Assessment Guidelines” (p. 72)
-------- OSHA will NOT regulate something that’s NOT hazardous
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=24602
“Air contaminants, limits employee exposure to several of the main chemical components found in tobacco smoke. In normal situations, exposures would not exceed these permissible exposure limits (PELs), and, as a matter of prosecutorial discretion, OSHA will not apply the General Duty Clause to ETS.”
Study about health & Smoking Bans – The National Bureau of Economic Research
http://www.nber.org/papers/w14790
“Workplace bans are not associated with statistically significant short-term declines in mortality or hospital admissions for myocardial infarction or other diseases.”
http://www.cigarmony.com/downloads/smoking%201440.pdf
“Conclusions: Our results indicate no association between childhood exposure to ETS(environmental tobacco smoke) and lung cancer risk.”
Showtime television, "How the EPA, CDC, Lung Association, and etc." support their claims.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGApkbcaZK4
US National Cancer Institute researcher explains the frauds involved in secondhand smoke media reports.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9gtMKB6X2o
Then the US Surgeon General went over all the studies to date in 2006 again and even though he went on public TV and announced "No safe level", the report itself showed exactly the opposite.
---The evidence is … not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and an increased risk of stroke. (p. 13)
---The evidence is … not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure from parental smoking and the onset of childhood asthma.(p. 13)
---The evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke during infancy and childhood cancer.(p. 11)
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf
6.
WINGNUT
1 - Canadian Cancer Society
#2 - American Cancer Society Includes the following
Secondhand Smoke
What Is Secondhand Smoke?
Secondhand smoke, also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or passive smoke, is a mixture of 2 forms of smoke from burning tobacco products:
Sidestream smoke: smoke that comes from the end of a lighted cigarette, pipe, or cigar
Mainstream smoke: smoke that is exhaled by a smoker
When non-smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke it is called involuntary smoking or passive smoking. Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke absorb nicotine and other toxic chemicals just like smokers do. The more secondhand smoke you are exposed to, the higher the level of these harmful chemicals in your body.
Why Is Secondhand Smoke a Problem?
Secondhand smoke is classified as a "known human carcinogen" (cancer-causing agent) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US National Toxicology Program, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a branch of the World Health Organization.
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemical compounds. More than 60 of these are known or suspected to cause cancer.
Secondhand smoke can be harmful in many ways. In the United States alone, each year it is responsible for:
an estimated 35,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers who live with smokers
about 3,400 lung cancer deaths in non-smoking adults
other breathing problems in non-smokers, including coughing, mucus, chest discomfort, and reduced lung function
150,000 to 300,000 lung infections (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) in children younger than 18 months of age, which result in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations
increases in the number and severity of asthma attacks in about 200,000 to 1 million children who have asthma
more than 750,000 middle ear infections in children
Pregnant women exposed to secondhand smoke are also at increased risk of having low birth weight babies.
An issue that continues to be studied is whether secondhand smoke may increase the risk of breast cancer. Both mainstream and secondhand smoke contain about 20 chemicals that, in high concentrations, cause breast cancer in rodents. Chemicals in tobacco smoke reach breast tissue and are found in breast milk.
The evidence regarding secondhand smoke and breast cancer risk in human studies is still being debated, partly because the risk has not been shown to be increased in active smokers. One possible explanation for this is that tobacco smoke may have different effects on breast cancer risk in smokers and in those who are exposed to secondhand smoke.
A report from the California Environmental Protection Agency in 2005 concluded that the evidence regarding secondhand smoke and breast cancer is "consistent with a causal association" in younger, mainly premenopausal women. The 2006 US Surgeon General's report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke, concluded that there is "suggestive but not sufficient" evidence of a link at this point. In any case, women should be told that this possible link to breast cancer is yet another reason to avoid contact with secondhand smoke.
The 2006 US Surgeon General's report reached several important conclusions:
Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke.
Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and more severe asthma. Smoking by parents causes breathing (respiratory) symptoms and slows lung growth in their children.
Secondhand smoke immediately affects the heart and blood circulation in a harmful way. It also causes heart disease and lung cancer.
The scientific evidence shows that there is no "safe" level of exposure to secondhand smoke.
Many millions of Americans, both children and adults, are still exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes and workplaces despite a great deal of progress in tobacco control.
The only way to fully protect non-smokers from exposure to secondhand smoke indoors is to prevent all smoking in that indoor space or building. Separating smokers from non-smokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings cannot keep non-smokers from being exposed to secondhand smoke.
Thiere findings should provide be sufficient.
#2 - American Cancer Society Includes the following
Secondhand Smoke
What Is Secondhand Smoke?
Secondhand smoke, also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or passive smoke, is a mixture of 2 forms of smoke from burning tobacco products:
Sidestream smoke: smoke that comes from the end of a lighted cigarette, pipe, or cigar
Mainstream smoke: smoke that is exhaled by a smoker
When non-smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke it is called involuntary smoking or passive smoking. Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke absorb nicotine and other toxic chemicals just like smokers do. The more secondhand smoke you are exposed to, the higher the level of these harmful chemicals in your body.
Why Is Secondhand Smoke a Problem?
Secondhand smoke is classified as a "known human carcinogen" (cancer-causing agent) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US National Toxicology Program, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a branch of the World Health Organization.
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemical compounds. More than 60 of these are known or suspected to cause cancer.
Secondhand smoke can be harmful in many ways. In the United States alone, each year it is responsible for:
an estimated 35,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers who live with smokers
about 3,400 lung cancer deaths in non-smoking adults
other breathing problems in non-smokers, including coughing, mucus, chest discomfort, and reduced lung function
150,000 to 300,000 lung infections (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) in children younger than 18 months of age, which result in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations
increases in the number and severity of asthma attacks in about 200,000 to 1 million children who have asthma
more than 750,000 middle ear infections in children
Pregnant women exposed to secondhand smoke are also at increased risk of having low birth weight babies.
An issue that continues to be studied is whether secondhand smoke may increase the risk of breast cancer. Both mainstream and secondhand smoke contain about 20 chemicals that, in high concentrations, cause breast cancer in rodents. Chemicals in tobacco smoke reach breast tissue and are found in breast milk.
The evidence regarding secondhand smoke and breast cancer risk in human studies is still being debated, partly because the risk has not been shown to be increased in active smokers. One possible explanation for this is that tobacco smoke may have different effects on breast cancer risk in smokers and in those who are exposed to secondhand smoke.
A report from the California Environmental Protection Agency in 2005 concluded that the evidence regarding secondhand smoke and breast cancer is "consistent with a causal association" in younger, mainly premenopausal women. The 2006 US Surgeon General's report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke, concluded that there is "suggestive but not sufficient" evidence of a link at this point. In any case, women should be told that this possible link to breast cancer is yet another reason to avoid contact with secondhand smoke.
The 2006 US Surgeon General's report reached several important conclusions:
Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke.
Children exposed to secondhand smoke are at an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and more severe asthma. Smoking by parents causes breathing (respiratory) symptoms and slows lung growth in their children.
Secondhand smoke immediately affects the heart and blood circulation in a harmful way. It also causes heart disease and lung cancer.
The scientific evidence shows that there is no "safe" level of exposure to secondhand smoke.
Many millions of Americans, both children and adults, are still exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes and workplaces despite a great deal of progress in tobacco control.
The only way to fully protect non-smokers from exposure to secondhand smoke indoors is to prevent all smoking in that indoor space or building. Separating smokers from non-smokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings cannot keep non-smokers from being exposed to secondhand smoke.
Thiere findings should provide be sufficient.